Chicken Wikipedia
In the UK and Europe, laying hens are then slaughtered and used in processed foods, or sold as ‘soup hens’. Hens of some breeds can produce over 300 eggs per year; the highest authenticated rate of egg-laying is 371 eggs in 364 days. During the Hellenistic period (4th–2nd centuries BC), in the southern Levant, chickens began to be widely domesticated for food. The red junglefowl is well adapted to take advantage of the vast quantities of seed produced during the end of the multi-decade bamboo seeding cycle, to boost its own reproduction.
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Broiler breeds typically take less than six weeks to reach slaughter size, some weeks longer for free-range and organic broilers. Advocates of intensive farming say that their efficient systems save land and food resources owing to increased productivity, and that the animals are looked after in a controlled environment. Chickens are common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 23.7 billion as of 2018update. Breeding increased under the Roman Empire and reduced in the Middle Ages. Middle Eastern chicken remains go back to a little earlier than 2000 BC in Syria.
Mature males have long been used for sport (i.e., cockfighting, now outlawed in many jurisdictions) as well as for breeding. Farmers have developed numerous breeds and varieties to fulfill commercial requirements. Descendants of those domestications have spread throughout the world in several waves for at least the last 2,000 years. Chickens belonging to the same age cohort and sex are often kept together in industrial production settings. A flock usually includes one dominant adult male, a few subdominant males, and two or more females that are carefully watched over by the dominant male. Chicks are born covered in down, but they mature quickly, becoming fully feathered after four to five weeks.
- Chickens are common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 23.7 billion as of 2018update.
- Chickens give different warning calls to indicate that a predator is approaching from the air or on the ground.
- Many immature males (cockerels) are castrated (usually chemically, with hormones that cause atrophying of the testicles) to become meat birds (capons).
- It was first domesticated around 8,000 years ago and is one of the most common and widespread domesticated animals in the world.
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Chickens give different warning calls to indicate that a predator is approaching from the air or on the ground. A male’s crowing is a loud and sometimes shrill call, serving as a territorial signal to other males, and in response to sudden disturbances within their surroundings. Chickens are capable of mobbing and killing a weak or inexperienced predator, such as a young fox. Some breeds have a mutation that causes extra feathering under the face, giving the appearance of a beard.
Africa
The chicken is perhaps the most widely domesticated fowl, raised worldwide for its meat and eggs. These domesticated chickens spread across Southeast and South Asia where they interbred with local wild species of junglefowl, forming genetically and geographically distinct groups. Specialized breeds such as broilers and laying hens have been developed for meat and egg production, respectively.
Chickens are social, inquisitive, intelligent birds, and many people find their behaviour entertaining. This involves complete withdrawal of food (and sometimes water) for 7–14 days or sufficiently long to cause a body weight loss of 25 to 35%, or up to 28 days under experimental conditions. Hens, particularly from battery cage systems, are sometimes infirm or have lost a significant amount of their feathers, and their life expectancy has been reduced from around seven years to less than two years.
The possibility that domestic chickens were in the Americas before Western contact is debated by researchers, but blue-egged chickens, found only in the Americas and Asia, suggest an Asian origin for early American chickens. Analysis of the most popular commercial breed shows that the White Leghorn breed possesses a mosaic of divergent ancestries inherited from different subspecies of red junglefowl. Archaeological evidence appeared to support domestic chickens in Southeast Asia well before 6000 BC, China by 6000 BC and India by 2000 BC. Exactly when and where the chicken was domesticated was controversial. Inbreeding of White Leghorn chickens tends to cause inbreeding depression expressed as reduced egg number and delayed sexual maturity.